Eastern Han

September 5th, 2008

Angie

Eastern Han

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Al Qur’Han Al Kareem

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…

Remarks at the Spring Festival. ] Reprint [

Handout: http://chairmanmaozedong.org

(13 February 1964)

SOURCE: Long Live Mao Tse-tung Thought, a publication of the Red Guard.

(Summary)

PRESIDENT target = "_blank" title = "Mao Zedong"> MAO: Today is the feast of spring, and we organize a forum to discuss both foreign and domestic problems ... Do you think our state is likely to collapse or not? Imperialism and revisionism, concert, hit up our borders, do [you] afraid democratic character of the atomic bomb? If the atomic bomb should explode, we want simply find ourselves in Yenan. All of Shen-Kan-Ning border area had a population of 1.5 million, and in the city of Yan'an, there were 30,000. We can not respond publicly unless they are attacked first. There was a time when the Kuomintang was more clever than usual, and not has not publicly denounce. They put a document using the method of restraint "exotic" parts, to retain the Communist Party. Do you that?

Shih-Chang Chao: I do not know about.

Chairman Mao: You people are not very well informed. In January 1941, the Kuomintang launched the South Anhwei incident where we lost over 17,000 men. After that, they have organized several other anti-communist high tides, and therefore taught [Our] party a lesson. Chiang Kai-shek is not good, every time he had an opportunity that we tried to regiment. After end of the war against Japan, Chiang spoke of peace, and invited me to go to Chungking for negotiations, but he also gave orders sly. In During the negotiations, he led a campaign against our Party and destroyed the three divisions of Kao .. Shu-hsun

XXX: Kao has already joined the party. The People can change.

Kang Sheng: The Emperor T'ung Hsüan came to present his New Year wishes (with the Political Consultative Conference).

Chairman Mao: We must come together very well with the Emperor T'ung Hsüan. Both T'ung Kuang Hsu and Hsüan used our patterns. T'ung Hsüan monthly salary of just over one hundred yuan is too small – this man is an emperor.

Shih-Chang Chao: Hsüan Uncle Tung Tsai-t'ao, [8] is in a miserable situation.

Chairman Mao: That boy-t'ao Tsai is a senior military official. He was a student France. I know, but not intimately. Is it all right to help you through, so he can eat a little better? After all, it is our invited. We should improve its standard of living.

It's no fun being a hound. Nehru was in poor condition, imperialism and revisionism robbed blind. Revisionism is rejected everywhere. It was rejected in Romania, he is not listened in Poland. In Cuba they listen to half and half rejected, they listen to half because they can not do otherwise, because they do not produce oil or weapons. Imperialism is a difficult time, too. Japan is opposed to the U.S., and it is not only the Japanese Communist Party and the Japanese people who are opposed to the U.S. – the big capitalists do too. Not long ago, the Kita-forges rejected an American inspection. the opposition of General de Gaulle in the United States is also in response to the demands of the capitalists. They are also behind the establishment of diplomatic relations with China. China opposes United States, formerly Beijing there was Shen Chung [9], the whole country against American imperialism. Khrushchev revisionists we abuse and dogmatic, pseudo-revolutionaries – they have really curse. Not long ago, a letter from the Central Committee of Communist Party the Soviet Union's Central Committee Communist Party of China put forward four points: (1) An end to the controversy open, (2) The return of experts [Soviet] [in China], (3) The negotiations on the Sino-Soviet (4) The expansion of trade. We can have discussions on the border, they will begin February 25. We can do a little business, but we can not do too much for products Soviet heavy crude, expensive and they always have something in return.

K'ang SHENG: The quality is inferior.

Chairman Mao: They are first crude else from expensive, lower third, and fourth they keep something back, if it is not so good to deal with them as with the bourgeoisie French, who still have some notion of business ethics.

In past mistakes, there have been in our work. The first was blindly run commands, the second was requisitioned excessive they have now been corrected. Now, we went to the extreme Conversely, we moved to send commands to the blind no orders, and therefore we are not doing our best. We therefore emulate Liberation Army, we must imitate Taching Petroleum Ministry. [10] In the oil fields Tach'ing they have invested more – and Within three years they have built an oil field production – tonnes, and a processing plant – tonnes of oil. The investment was low, the time was short, the successes have been great, and many writings on this subject are worth a look. All departments should learn from the oil ministry, to draw lessons from the Liberation Army, and get a good experience so be a combat brigade from the enemy, and a brigade of work against us. Students must also learn from the Army release. They should make full use of their success, set up models for emulation, rent a lot, and at the same time criticize mistakes. Praise should be the main thing, and critics should be complementary. Among those who work for our cause, there are good people, and many good models, which should be welcomed.

Last year, there were Hopei major natural disasters. In the south there was a drought at the origin the harvest was good, but there were heavy rains causing the loss of 20,000 million chin [about 12 million tons] of grain, however the year final total production increased by more than 10,000 million chin, and this year we want to do even better. At present, we learn from the Army release, we learn from the oil ministry, we learn from models in cities, villages, factories and schools, we are overcome mistakes in our work, and trying to do our job a little better this year.

At the forum today, we discussed the problems international, but our main concern is to internal problems. If we do not deal effectively with our internal problems, there is no speaks good international business. Currently, there are countries that want to develop our relations with countries like the Congo. Lumumba, the Congo has launched a guerrilla war, but they do not have modern weapons at all – things like that Kuan Kung Black Dragon Sword Crescent, and the spear eighteen feet Chang Fei [11].

XXX: There is Huang Chung arrows.

Chairman Mao: It is nothing but the weapons of Kuan Chang, Chao Ma Huang, and – they have no modern weapons. In the past, we did not. After the uprising in Nanchang [12], we lost two divisions, then Te Chu Chen Yi and Lin Piao has led the rest to the Chingkangshan. I do not know how to fight. In 1918, I worked in the library of the University Beijing, I was paid eight dollars per month, and got along without worrying about clothes, food or lodging. Chang Shih-chao would not be an officer of Yuan Shih-K'ai [13], then he leaves to be the president of Peking University, he went to Peking University to run a newspaper. Old Huang [14], are you a Constitutionalist?

HUANG Yen-Pei: I am a revolutionary not a constitutionalist, I participated in the Tong Meng Hui [15].

Shih-Chang Chao: It's a revolutionary.

President Mao Chen Old, [16] you belong to the clique of research; Shih-Chang Chao attended the Second Revolution [17], and in 1925 he was minister. Now you're all running with us, participating in the socialist construction of the new China. When I say that we hope to make our job a little better year, not only the hope of the Central Committee, it is also your hope. Hsu Te-heng, you're in charge of a department of the industry? [18]

XXX: There is great hope for his ministry.

Chairman Mao: Old Huang, your family seems to include every possible part and faction – Democratic League, the Association for the Promotion of Democracy [19], the Communist Youth League. The poem of your son Huang Wan-II, entitled "Greetings the Husband "is very well written. I admire him. He is a member of the September Third Society who also writes poems good. I admire him too. You do not know your child ten and a few very good, you're like Kuo Tzu-i. [20]

All departments should learn Liberation Army, set up a service policy, and strengthen their political work. They should encourage implementation, establishment of model workers emulation, lease deal, and at the same time criticize mistakes. Praise should be the main thing, and critics should be complementary. Among those who work for our cause it is a lot of good people and good things, there are many good models that we have to rent.

Today I want to talk about the problem of education. Progress has been made in the industry, and I think there should be the same changes in education also. The current state of things, will not do. In my opinion, the line and direction [] Fang-chen in education are correct, but the methods are wrong and must be changed. Present here today are comrades of the Central Committee, comrades in the Party, peers outside the party, comrades of the Academy of Sciences. Comrade XXX will now give a lecture.

XXX: At present an urgent problem in the field of education is the education system, namely, the fact that the prescribed length of study is excessive. Currently, children start school at the age of seven years and spent six years in primary school, six years in college, and, in some cases six years at university, usually five, which in all seventeen or eighteen years. They graduated from the University at the age of twenty-four or twenty-five years, and then they engage in manual labor for one year and then undergo a further period of training year on the workplace, so they come out [of] process when they are twenty-six or twenty-seven years. It is two or three years longer than they than necessary in the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, the primary and secondary schools last ten years, and the university for four or five, so that twenty-three or twenty-four of a position and start working. In the study of humanities, there is no great problem about students growing too old. In the case of natural sciences, they clearly [remain in school] too long. This is particularly case with the science of atomic energy, with the most advanced sciences, students are too old when they graduate. Based the experience of all countries of the world, it is possible to make a contribution to the natural sciences when they reached the age of twenty-four or twenty-five years. For example, the United States and the Soviet Union, those who have some achievements to its credit in the natural sciences in the field Atomic Energy, are generally all twenty-four or twenty-five years. At this age, the brain functions more efficiently, but this age of our students are still at university, and have not taken a position and started working. They begin to work only twenty-six or twenty-seven, which is not beneficial to the development of science. The duration of the prescribed course is extremely large, we mast think system Educati! on.

Chairman Mao: The duration of schooling should be shortened a bit.

XXX: XX friend recently had a idea: there should be five years of primary school and four years of college, so that students graduate college at sixteen. If there were six years of primary school, they come out of the middle school to seventeen. The problem is that facilities for teaching above are inadequate, and each year the university take only 120,000 or 130,000 students, 150,000 to be outside. Others may start work at sixteen. They could receive two years of training after graduating from middle school, then eighteen, they could go work in factories or in the villages, that way, they would be more [contact with reality]. Or they could attend two years preparatory courses, thus establishing links with the university and start working twenty-four or twenty-five years. In one word, studies must be shortened somewhat. Currently, the Central Committee has set up a small group of [] Hsiao-tsu, under the leadership of Comrade XX, in particular to study the question of education.

If we adopt this suggestion for improving our national education, students could graduate usually fifteen or sixteen. There are, however, a problem – that of military service. They are too young for that, but they may follow a preliminary training.

Chairman Mao: It is not important, those who are not old enough for military service may also experience military life. Not only male students, but students may suffer women to military service. We can train Red Detachment of Women. The girls of sixteen or seventeen can also experience from six months to one year of military life, and seventeen, they can also serve as soldiers.

XXX: So, the problem of schools the teaching of humanities subjects is not so great. Problems with the faculties of science and engineering are a bit more. Universities offer preparatory courses for one or two years after graduating from middle school, students can either go university preparation courses, or enter a vocational school, and after two years of training, they can spend working in a factory or in the countryside at eighteen, and they will respect [contact with reality]. If the engineering study, they, they will also contact relation, when they graduate at twenty-three or twenty-four hours, you can take up a post and start working.

Chairman Mao: At present, there are too many of the current study, and it is extremely dangerous. There are too many topics Currently, and the burden is too heavy, it puts the middle school and students in a constant state of tension. Cases of myopia are constantly by multiplying primacy and middle school students. This can not be allowed to go on unchanged.

XXX: The subjects covered by the program are too numerous and too complicated. Several former teachers have remained at their posts. Students are not able to bear they are stretched to the extreme, and they have no extra-curricular activities, and no time for extracurricular reading.

President Mao: The syllabus should be cut in half. Students must have time for recreation, swimming, playing ball, and play freely outside their job well sure. Confucius professed six arts – ritual, music, archery, chariot-driving, poetry and history – but he has produced four sages: Yen Hui Tseng Tzu, Mo Tzu and Mencius. We must not only for students to read books all day and not go to cultural activities, education physical, and swimming, not to be able to run, or read things outside of their courses, etc.

XXX: The students are extremely tense. When I'm at home the children say, what is the interest in obtaining the highest marks in all?

Chairman Mao: the history Throughout, very few of those who came first in the imperial examination have achieved great fame. The famous Tang dynasty poet Li Po and Tu Fu are neither Chin-shih, or Han-lin. [21] Han Yu and Liu Tsungyilan [22] Chin-shih was only the second rank. Wang Shih-fu, Kuan Han-Ching, [23] Lo Kuan-chung, [24] P'u Sung-ling, Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in had none or Han Chin-shih-lin. P'u Sung-ling was Hsiu-tsai who had received promotion, he wanted to rise higher, but it was not a chu-jen [25]. None of those who became Chin-shih or Han-lin was successful. Only two of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty did well, T'ai-tsu and Cheng-tsu. One was illiterate, and the other knew only a few characters. Subsequently, however, during the reign Chia-ching, when intellectuals have the power, things were in disrepair, the country was in disorder [26]. Han Wu Ti and Li Hou-chu [27] were highly educated, and ruined the country. It is obvious that reading too many books is harmful. Liu Hsui was an academician, Liu Pang was as a clown [28].

XXX: It is too much on the program, and there are too many exercises to give students may not reflect independently. The current method of examination ….

Chairman Mao: Our current method of examinations is a method to deal with the enemy, not a method to deal with people. This method of attack by surprise by asking questions or oblique strange. It's always the same method as the old eight-legged essay. I do not approve of this. It should be completely changed. I support publication of the questions in advance and let the students study them and respond with the help of books. For example, if we takes twenty questions about the dream of the red room, and some half-student response to them and respond well, and some answers are very good and contain creative ideas, then we can give them 100 percent. If other students to answer all twenty questions and respond properly, but respond only by reciting their textbooks and lectures, without creative ideas, they must have 50 or 60 percent. In examinations whispered in his ear and taking the place of others should be allowed. If your answer is correct, and I copy it, then mine should be considered good. Whispering in the ears of others and take exams in the names of other persons was in hiding. That now be done openly. If I can not do something and you write the answer, which I then copy it straight. Give it a try. We must do things in a lively way, and not in a dead fashion. There are teachers who wander and when they lecture, they should let their students doze. If your course is not good, why insist on others to listen to you? Rather than keeping their eyes open and listen to lectures boring, it is better to sleep a little refreshing. You do not listen to nonsense, you can relax your brain instead.

XXX: If we shorten the length of schooling, it is time to engage in work, or military service. We can also consider having outstanding students skipping class, we do not keep forever in the same place. In the same grade as my child there is a classmate which was an exceptional student, after he skipped a grade, and it is still an outstanding student. Thus we see that it is possible to skip grades. Ask Comrade XX organize a small group to conduct a thorough study of this problem the school system.

Chairman Mao: That the two XXX XX and participate in this small group. Currently we do things in life without too much of a way. It is too much on the program, and examinations take place in a rigid way. I can not approve this. The current method of education and young talent ruins ruins. I do not approve of reading so many books. The screening method is a method for dealing with the enemy, it is more dangerous and must be stopped.

XXX: To Currently, the head of the Department of Education has called a meeting, during which two questions are considered: One is that students burden is too heavy, and there are duties to all subjects: the second is that there are three educational systems, those Confucius, the Soviets, and Dewey.

CHAIRMAN MAO: Confucius was not really like that. We have set aside the current of Confucianism. He was only six themes: ritual, music, archery, chariot-driving, "Shu and mathematics. (Chairman Mao asked if XXX "Shu" mean the penmanship or the story.) [29]

XXX: This means calligraphy.

Chairman Mao: It means history. As in Ching Shu Han Shu or [30].

XXX: Currently, students from middle school are continuing their studies as their only goal. After graduating, they are not willing to engage in work, which is a very important issue, and we must solve. We need in practice the union of education and productive work, in addition, we must also walk on two legs. [31] Last year there were Flood Hopei and the Ministry of Education has been in great difficulty. Many buildings collapsed and they had to build schools Simple as best they could. Consequently, the number of primary and secondary school students actually increased.

Chairman Mao: The Flood engulfed dogmatism. We must get rid of dogmas, both foreign and indigenous.

XXX: Other places have made an adjustment, and introduced the teaching of all in the same class, rather than separately as the theme. The number of students has decreased and the number of poor and lower-middle peasants has declined, many poor peasants and lower-middle did not continue their schooling. In the province of Hopei they have a good experience. In Hsin-hui hsien in the province of Canton, they reviewed the ten odd agricultural colleges and schools ordinary East. In a school Regular secondary, the state spends 120 yuan a year for each student, while in a farm school, they spend only 6.80 yuan per year each student. There is no problem at all graduates of the School of Agriculture middle of filling a job, whereas if a graduate of a common school does not reach the university entrance exam, there are many difficulties to place in employment. Thus, primary and secondary schools should all walk on two legs. At the same time, we must pay attention to the quality improves. Previously, everything was done according to Soviet methods, but in 1958 we suffered a blow this, and it was anticipated workforce but the study has been neglected, in turn, but now that things have been changed it is very good. The same thing with literature and art, the level is relatively high now, but if there had been no 1958, we would not have reached our level current [32].

Chairman Mao: "We must lead actors, poets, playwrights and writers of the city, and pack all went to the campaign. They should all go down periodically in batches in the villages and in factories. We must not let the writers stay in government offices, they will never be something in writing if they do not go down. Whoever does not fall will not get dinner, but only when they come down they be fed.

XXX: Currently there is a little over two per cent of bad elements among primary school teachers and college, and there also very bad elements among middle school students and primary school.

Chairman Mao: It does not matter they can change jobs.

XXX: Currently, the worst students attend normal school, good students go into engineering. Now, we can think failing to graduate from middle school to the school above normal or faculties of letters, but in accepting that more college graduates who are engaged in work for a year or two. Students of Natural Sciences must also descend. They have some experience at the School of XX in Harbin, they send teachers to a year or two. Those who were not if good cause are all pretty good when they come home from work, they become part of the nucleus.

Chairman Mao: They must go down. Currently, there are people who do not matter much to go to work in the countryside. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shih-chen [33] here and there, and climbed the mountains to gather herbs. [Tsu Chung-chih 34] never went to middle school or university. Confucius was a poor peasant family, he kept the sheep, and have never attended school through or university is. He was a musician, he made all sorts of things. When someone had a death in the family, he would be invited to play at the funeral. It may also have been an accountant. He could play the ch'in [35] and driving a car, ride and shoot with bow and arrows. "YU" means driving a car is like being the driver of a car. He produced seventy-two wise, as Yen Hui Tseng Tzu, and he had 3000 followers. In his youth, he came to the masses, and understood something of the suffering masses. Later he became an official state Lu, an official but not terribly high. The people of Lu was over one million, and for many years people looked down on him. When he toured different countries, people cursed him. This person loved to talk frankly, and said he had not known poverty, and could not bear insults. Later, Tzu Lu acted as a bodyguard of Confucius, and do not let people speak ill of Confucius, but beat anyone who has opened his mouth. Since time, no more unpleasant sound entered his ear, and the masses did not dare approach him. We must not reject the tradition of Confucius. Our general policy is correct, but our methods are wrong. There are some problems with the current school system, programs, methods teaching and examination methods, and all this must be changed. They! are all extremely destructive people.

XXX: we can make do with five years of primary school.

Chairman Mao's teaching in primary schools should not last too long, that whatsoever. Gorky had only two years of primary school, learning is all self taught. Franklin American was at the origin a newspaper vendor, but he discovered electricity. Watt was a worker, but he invented the steam engine. Both in ancient and modern in China and abroad, many scientists were trained in the practice.

XX: When the school system has been reformed in the future, students will be able to hold office upon attaining the age of twenty-three or twenty-four. Seven years is an age a little late for the start of school, we can take six. There is a problem with buildings, but if the primary school is changed to five years, we can give up some. Then four years of college, and one or two years of a preparatory course at the university. Given the different the nature of different courses at the university, we can diversify and take in 140,000 or 150,000 students each year for one or two years of study preparations.

XXX: Before entering university, they may take a period and going to work in a factory or village.

Chairman Mao: They can also go to the army for training.

XX: It's all right as regards literary subjects, but in physics there is the problem of the use of mathematics, and if they work for two years, they could forget.

XX: In the Soviet Union they work for two years after their graduation from the middle, then enter the faculties of physics and chemistry, they do not take them directly.

XX: Except for some special schools, the universities are divided into three lengths over: six years, particularly for medicine, five years for engineering and four years for literary subjects. In most cases of academic courses, four years is sufficient. In the future, the system must be diversified, it should be different lengths course. In cities, there should be two kinds colleges, one leading to the university, and another where students graduate in two years, after which they enter a training specialized.

Chairman Mao's right: It's true, we must diversify.

XX: The main problem with the curriculum is a lack of centralization, and there are also problems that we have studied in the past, many subjects are studied at several, each semester There are eight or nine subjects in the study, there are numerous reviews, which creates great tension.

Chairman Mao: Today, first, there are too many classes, on the other hand, there are too many books. The pressure is too great. There are subjects which it is not necessary to consider. For example, is not necessary to examine the little logic and grammar is learned in college. real understanding must be acquired gradually by work experience. Just know that logic and grammar.

XX: Currently cramming it all, mechanical memorization and recitation.

XXX: There are two schools of thought nowadays. One school advocates the teaching of subjects in depth, while other defenders of their teacher in outline, teaching them how to take control subjects, whether teaching a little less. Currently many schools follow the first pattern, but is it not true that it will not work. In advocating doing things that way, they become petrified thinking.

Chairman Mao: That scholasticism. The annotations to the Four Books and Five Classics are excessively school, and now they are all gone completely indigestible. Scholastic must inevitably die. For example, in the study of Conventional many comments have been written, but now they have disappeared. I think the students trained by this method, regardless of whether China, America or the Soviet Union, all disappear, all going to their opposites. The same thing applies to the classics of Buddhism, which there are both. The version of the Diamond Sutra edited by Hsuan-tsang [36] of the T'ang dynasty was relatively simple, just a thousand words strange and it still exists. Another version, published by Kumarajiva, [37] is too long, and disappeared. Do the Five Classics and the Thirteen Classics also come to the end of the road? They were very heavily annotated, and as nobody reads them later. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, they indulged in scholastic philosophy; that in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it [the world] into the era of Enlightenment and the Renaissance took place. Do not read too many books. We have read Marxist books, but not too much either. It will simply read a dozen. If we read too many, we can move towards our opposite become bookworms, dogmatic and revisionist. In the writings of Confucius, there is nothing about agriculture. For this reason, members of his pupils were not accustomed to work, and they could not distinguish between the five grains. We must do something about it.

XXX: There is another issue, which is a political question of feeding the students, who must be improved. Each student eats Food costs 12.5 yuan each month. We should spend another 40 million yuan.

Chairman Mao: It is good to spend another 40 million yuan.

XXX: We need to rise 2 to 4 yuan [38].

Chairman Mao: If you read too many books, they petrify your mind at the end. Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty did fairly well in its early years, but then he read many books and does not so much. He died of hunger Tai Cheng [39].

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Notes
[1.] Festival Spring is the New Year in Chinese lunar calendar.

[2.] The term "democratic parties" often mentioned in literature CPC, especially in the united front work, specifically refers to a small group of political parties which were made largely of members of the national bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie, and patriotic democratic personages. "(They have been distinguished from" democratic personages no political affiliation. ") These political parties are not considered in the proletarian class identity or inherently inclined to the socialist revolution. However, they have been developed in the period of new democratic revolution, and to varying degrees of intensity, were aligned with the CCP in the struggle to achieve the socialist transformation of China, and strengthen China's interests vis-à-vis the encroachment imperialists. The institutions of 1949 and 1954 provides for the participation of "democratic personages, are not affiliated with any party in the country's political life. The most famous of them was Sung Ching-ling, the widow of Sun Yat-sen. Some non-communist present at the Forum in February 1964 belonged to this category, others were representatives of small parties.

[3.] The Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia region was the base area revolutionary who has been gradually introduced after 1931 by the revolutionary guerrilla war in northern Shensi. When the Central Army Red has arrived in northern Shensi, long after the March, it became the central base area of the revolution and the Central Committee of Communist Party Chinese. He was named the Shensi-Kansu Ningsia region after the formation of the Anti-Japanese National United Front in 1937, and consisted of twenty to three counties along the common borders of three provinces.

[4.] "Measures to restrict the activities of Alien Parties" were secretly issued by the central authorities of the Kuomintang in 1939. They imposed severe restrictions on the Communists and all other progressive ideas, speech and action in order to disrupt all the organizations anti-Japanese people. They also said that in places where the opinion of the Kuomintang, "Communists" the most active, the "law of collective responsibility and collective punishment" was to be executed and a data network, " or cons-revolutionary secret services, has been generally established within organizations Pao-chia. Chia Pao and were then basic administrative units of the Fascist regime of the Kuomintang. Ten households were a Chia Chia and ten pao.

[5]. Chang Shih-chao (1881-1973) had been active in the revolutionary movement as a journalist in the early years of the twentieth century. It was obviously a non-party "Mao democratic character "spoke in his opening statement.

[6.] On October 30, 1945 Kao Shu-hsun, deputy commander of the area 11 War of the Kuomintang, revolted at the pre-Civil War Hantan in the southern province of Hopei, and came to our side and a body with a column. This has been a great influence throughout the country. To intensify the work of division and disintegration of the Kuomintang troops and incite them to revolt, the Central Committee of Communist Party of China decided to launch a propaganda campaign calling for other officers of the Kuomintang and the men follow the example Kao Shu-hsun and his troops, refusing to attack the liberated areas, the sabotage of the civil war front, fraternizing with the People's Army Liberation, revolt and come to the popular side. This was known as Kao Shu-hsun movement. The KMT then turned Kao and broke his strength.

[7]. Both of the Emperor Kuang Hsu (reigned 1875-1908) and its successor the Emperor Hsuan Tung had occupied the throne of life of Mao.

[8]. Tsai-t'ao was in control of the Imperial Guard at the time of the revolution of 1911. It was considered, during the last years of the dynasty, as one of the most liberal spirit among the members of the imperial clan.

[9]. On December 24 1946, Shen Chung, a student at the University of Peiping, was raped by a U.S. Marine. This incident led to major events Anti-American by the students in many Chinese cities, and demand for the immediate withdrawal of all military forces the United States.

[10.] In 1964, Mao launched the slogan was, "In industry learn Tach'ing in agriculture Tachai learn, and since that time two of they were generally considered "Maoist models. Here Mao funds from the Oil Ministry with the achievements of Taching oilfield in Heilongjiang Province.

[11.] Kuan Yu (also known as Kuan Kung, the god of war) and Fei Chang were both leading comrades of Liu Pei, the founder of the Shu Han dynasty, during the Three Kingdoms period of the third century AD In the Romance Three Kingdoms, the famous novel, they are described as handling the weapons listed here. Huang Chung Chao [Yun], and Ma [Su] were the other three Liu Pei "Five tiger generals. Although Liu Pei, like its rivals, claiming to be the legitimate ruler of the empire, the territory controlled actually it was mainly by that of the United Shu, centering on the current Sichuan, where Mao and his comrades were gathered.

[12.] Nanchang, capital of Jiangxi province, was the scene of the famous uprising August 1, 1927 led by the Communist Party of China to combat the revolution against Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei and continue the revolution of 1924-27. More than thirty thousand troops took part in the insurgency that has been led by Chou En-peer IAI, Chu Ting Ho Lung and Yell. The insurrectionary army withdrew from Nanchang, August 5 as planned, but suffered a defeat the approach Chaochow and Swatow in Kwangtung Province. Led by Comrades Chu and Chen Yi, a part of the troops later fought their way to the mountains Tsingkiang and partnering with the First Division of the first workers and peasants in the Revolutionary Army Comrade Mao Tse-tung.

[13.] Yuan Shih-kai was head of the Northern warlords in the last years of the Ching Dynasty. After the Ching Dynasty was overthrown by the Revolution 1911, he usurped the presidency of the Republic and organized the first government of the Northern Warlords, which is the landlord and big comprador classes great. He did so by relying on armed force against Revolutionary and the support of the imperialists and by taking advantage of the character of the bourgeoisie conciliators, who was then leader of the revolution. In 1915, he wanted to be emperor, and to win support for Japanese imperialism has accepted the request Twenty-one with Japan to get exclusive control of all China. In December of that year, a revolt against his accession to the throne took place in the province Yunnan and quickly won the national response and support. Yuan Shih-kai died in Beijing in June 1916.

[14.] Huang Yen-pei, an advocate of vocational education in the U.S., was a leading figure in the Democratic Republic of the League during the civil war of 1944-9, and was Minister of Light Industry 1949-1954. In 1964 he was president of the China National Association of building democracy and being a member of the Standing Committee of the Democratic League.

[15.] In 1894, Dr. Sun Yat-sen formed a small revolutionary organization in Honolulu called Chung Hsing Hui (Society for the regeneration of China). With the support of companies secret among the people, he staged two armed insurrections in the province of Canton against the Ching government after its defeat in the Sino-Japanese in 1895, one in Canton in 1895 and another in Huichow in 1900.

Tung Meng Hui, or the Chinese Revolutionary League (an organization of the front Kingdom of the bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie, and part of the landed aristocracy against the government Ching), was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Hui Chung Hsing and two other groups, the Hua Hsing Hui (Society for Regenerating China), and Kuang Fu Hui (Society for Breaking the yoke of the foreigner). She presented a program of the bourgeois revolution advocating "the expulsion of the Tartars (Manchu), the recovery of China, the establishment a republic and the equalization of land ownership. In the period of the League of Chinese revolution, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, allying with secret societies and a part of the new Ching government army has launched a number of armed insurrection against the regime Ching including those whose Pinghsiang (Kiangsi), Liuyang and Liling (Province of Rights) in 1906, and Huangkang Chaochow Chinchow (Guangdong Province), and Chennankuan (Kwangsi Province) in 1907 Hokou (Yunnan Province) in 1908 and in Canton in 1911. The latter was followed in the same yes the uprising Wuchnag which led to the downfall of the Ching dynasty.

[16.] Old Chen Shu-Chen is apparently Tong, President of the China Federation of Industry and Trade since 1953. The two "old Huang" and "Old Chen" has been "democratic character" who had worked with the new regime since 1949.

[17.] The "second revolution was the attempt in 1913 by forces under the direction of Ts'ai Ao, to Yuan Shih-K'ai reverse and halt the movement away from republicanism to a true restoration of the monarchy. On the other hand, the government of which Chang Shih-Chao has been a minister in 1925 was that of warlord-dominated regime in Beijing, Mao deliberately mentions these two episodes contrasting life in Chang Shih-chao, to discuss the wide variety of experiences through which his generation has adopted his research a response to China's problems.

[18.] Hsu Te-heng (1895 -) is a student leader during the fourth movement of May It was President of the Chiu-san (September thirds) Society, following Mao, since its founding in 1945. (The Society, named after the date of the surrender of Japan, is one of the smaller parties involved in the pre-US). The "Industry Ministry which Mao calls here at the Department of Aquatic Products, Hsu, who had led since 1956.

[19.] Association for the promotion of democracy was the other minor parties, based behind Shanghai in 1945, comprised primarily of intellectuals in its ranks.

[20.] Kuo Tzu-i (697-781), a famous general the T'ang dynasty, had eight and seven son son-in-law, grandchildren and great grandchildren were so numerous that he could not recognize, and had to settle welcome when they came to pay their respects.

[21.] Chin-shih, a candidate for the highest ("Metropolitan" followed by "palace") examinations, as the examination system adopted by dynasties autocractic China. It was a method used by the feudal class dominant for the selection of personnel to govern the people and also to encourage intellectuals. The system, dating from the 7th century, has persisted into the early 20th century. Han-lin, a member of the Academy of Han-lin, who became from Ming times the preserve of those who had achieved special distinction Exam palace.

[22.] Han Yu (768-824) and Liu Tsung-Ynan (773-819) were friends and contemporaries, poets and essayists who have distinguished Both had periods of exile during their official career. Han Yu was particularly regarded as one of the greatest writers in prose in the history of China, as a student in Changsha, Mao learned to take it as a model in essay writing.

[23.] Wang Shih-fu and Kuan Han-ching have been famous playwrights of the Yuan Dynasty, which flourished in the late thirteenth century. Wang is the author History of the Western Chamber.

[24.] Lo Kuan-chung (14th century AD) was the author of the Romance of Three Kingdoms the historical novel. P'u Sung-ling (b. 1622) is known for its famous collection of tales of the supernatural.

[25.] Hsiu-tsai, literalness examinations "talent cultivation", popular name of a candidate at the lowest or prefectural, more correctly called Chen-yuan, or "dismissed." Although "Has been promoted" by the imperial favor to the graduate degree senior, he failed to take the next step higher in the examination system itself, the provincial examination, and therefore did not get the corresponding title Chu-jen ("chosen man"), or the opportunity to take the exam metropolitan.

[26.] Ming Tai-tsu, the founder of the dynasty, ruled from 1368 to 1399; Cheng-tsu, the third emperor of the dynasty, ruled from 1403 to 1425. Chia-ching reign extended from 1522 to 1567.

[27.] Ti Wu Han, the Emperor "Martial" of the Han Dynasty, ruled from 140-86 BC

[28]. Liu Hsiu (4 BC-AD 57) overthrew the usurper Wang Mang in the year 25 and founded the Later Han (or Eastern Han) dynasty. Liu Pang (247-195 BC), founded the dynasty of Han origin in 206 BC

[29.] The character read shu can be either a name, which means book or written document (in this case, a history book) or a verb meaning to write, especially in the sense of writing in a delicate hand. Normally, the list of six topics of Confucius or the arts, it is meant calligraphy.

[30.] The Shu ching ("Classic history") is one of the "Thirteen Classics, and the Analects of Confucius, the Book of Odes, etc. Shu Han the standard story of the Han Dynasty.

[31.] "Walk on" two legs was one of the main slogans of the Great Leap Forward of 1958-9. It was mostly used in reference to economic development, to characterize a policy combining large-scale modern technology and use small-scale, indigenous methods. Here it is used to propose a similar approach to education, combing schools (mainly in cities) with modern facilities and a program developed, simpler and more basic schools with the needs and opportunities in the countryside.

[32.] XXX whatever offers only lukewarm defense policy "Great Leap": the decommissioning of expertise, he argues, so useful as a corrective to the attitude of Soviet-style technocratic prevalent earlier, went much too far, and would have led to results unfortunate if the clock had not gone back. His emphasis contracts sharply with that of Comrade Mao Tse-tung in the next paragraph.

[33.] Li Shih-chen (1518-1598) was the author of the mu Pen'ts'ao Kang (Index of roots and herbs), announces a treaty more than 1,000 plants for useful purposes medicines.

[34.] A mathematician of the tenth century.

[35.] A stringed instrument similar to a lute-playing ability, He was part of the general culture of the literary set.

[36.] Upon his return to China in 645, after a pilgrimage of sixteen years in India, where he shot a number of Buddhist scriptures, the monk Huan-tsang (602-64) chaired the translation of not less than 1338 chapters in the remaining years of his fife.

[37.] Kumarajiva (350-413), a Buddhist scholar who had studied in Kashmir, has been brought to the capital Imperial Ch'ang-in 401, and placed in charge of the translation of Buddhist scriptures. These versions, the best of their time, were later replaced by the "new translations" of Hsuan-Tsang and his successors, and not because of their length, but because they were insufficiently precise.

[38.] Obviously, the figure of 40 million yuan is from the total annual bill for food, while the figure from February to April yuan indicates the corresponding increase in the monthly amount per pupil. The best estimates available, there were at that time, about three quarters of a million Chinese students in institutions of higher education. Thus, both figures are roughly consistent.

[39.] Hsiao Yen (464-549) occupied Nanking in 501 and was proclaimed the first emperor of the Liang dynasty, the following year. Students Buddhism and bookish, he was unable to implement his good intentions in reforming the administration. When T'ai Ch'eng fell an ally in rebel 549, he was allowed to die of hunger and despair in a monastery where he had retired.

Could someone please make a mnemonic for the following?

They must be in order. On the former, you can skip this word. Thank you for the help. Ancient Sumerian, from the Old Akkadian Empire Valley Empire Ancient Egypt, the Indus Middle Babylonian Empire Minoan Hittite Empire Mycenaean civilization Ancient Egypt Egypt, New Kingdom Shang Dynasty Vedic Age Lydian Empire Assyrian Empire Greece Western Zhou Ancient (Chou) dynasty, Nubia, Kush, Meroe Carthage Etruscans Eastern Zhou (Chou) dynasty Macedonia (Alexander the Great) Persian Neo-Babylonian/Chaldean Roman Republic Maurya Dynasty Han Dynasty Period Roman Empire Ch'in Dynasty China disunity Anglo-Saxon England Arab Islamic conquests, Europe, Middle East and the Empire of Charlemagne Empire Fatimid Seljuk Turkish Empire United Ethiopian crusades Mali, Songhai Empire Mongol Empire Ottoman civilizations Lenk Timur Empire

Someone might, but it will not be me!